UPSC Oceanography

The oceans, covering 71% of Earth, face marine pollution challenges from multiple sources and legal efforts.

Sea-level changes reflect ocean dynamics and climate impact. Major factors include thermal expansion and ice melting.

Coral reefs are vital, diverse ecosystems facing grave threats including bleaching and human activities.

The oceans hold vast untapped resources in biotic, mineral, and energy categories for sustainable development.

Marine resources are vital for the global economy, human life, and ecological balance. They include living and non-living materials.

The ocean’s waves, currents, and tides, driven by various forces, shape marine ecosystems and climate.

Ocean deposits shape underwater landscapes and marine life, offering clues about Earth’s history and ecosystems.

The ocean’s heat and salt budgets are crucial for climate, circulation, and marine life stability.

Ocean temperature and salinity impact marine ecosystems, climate, and global water circulation profoundly.

The oceans – vital for climate, biodiversity, and life – feature unique underwater landscapes.