INTRODUCTION
The Lee Migration Theory, developed by Everett S. Lee, is a widely recognized theoretical framework used to explain the patterns and processes of migration within and between societies. Lee’s theory, which was proposed in the mid-1960s, seeks to understand the factors influencing migration decisions and the consequences of migration for both the sending and receiving areas. The theory comprises three main components: push factors, pull factors, and intervening obstacles.
- Push Factors: Push factors refer to the conditions and circumstances in the migrants’ home or sending area that compel or “push” them to leave. These factors often include economic hardships, lack of employment opportunities, poverty, environmental disasters, political instability, conflict, discrimination, and social or religious persecution. Push factors are the reasons why individuals or groups feel compelled to seek better opportunities or safety in other locations.
- Pull Factors: Pull factors are the conditions and opportunities in the destination or receiving area that attract or “pull” migrants to move there. These factors may include better job prospects, higher wages, improved living conditions, educational opportunities, political stability, social networks (e.g., presence of family or friends), and perceived quality of life. Pull factors are what entice individuals or groups to choose a particular destination for their migration.
- Intervening Obstacles: Intervening obstacles are the barriers or challenges that migrants may encounter during their journey from the sending area to the receiving area. These obstacles could be physical (e.g., natural barriers like mountains or bodies of water), legal (e.g., immigration policies and restrictions), economic (e.g., cost of migration), cultural (e.g., language barriers), or social (e.g., discrimination against migrants in the receiving area). Intervening obstacles can influence the decision-making process of migrants and may alter the final destination of their migration.
The Lee migration theory highlights the interplay between push factors, pull factors, and intervening obstacles in shaping migration patterns. It suggests that migration is a complex process influenced by a combination of factors at the individual, household, and societal levels. Moreover, the theory underscores the dynamic nature of migration, as changes in push and pull factors or the removal of intervening obstacles can alter migration patterns over time.
Researchers, policymakers, and sociologists often use Lee’s migration theory to analyze and understand migration trends, patterns, and consequences. By identifying the underlying factors and obstacles driving migration, policymakers can develop more effective and appropriate strategies to address the challenges and opportunities associated with migration for both migrants and the societies involved.
