Middle East, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, Turkey, Iraq, Jordan, Israel, and Lebanon.
185,180 sq km
Damascus, one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities.
Coastal plains, mountain ranges (Jabal al-Nusayriyah, Anti-Lebanon), and eastern deserts.
Mediterranean on the coast, arid/semi-arid inland.
Part of the Fertile Crescent, home to Ebla, Ugarit, and Palmyra.
Conquered in the 7th century, center of Umayyad Caliphate.
Part of the Ottoman Empire for 400 years until World War I.
Under French control (1920–1946) post-Ottoman rule.
Gained independence in 1946
Ba'ath Party rule, 2011 civil war, ongoing humanitarian crisis.
Rich history with ancient ruins like Palmyra and Krak des Chevaliers.
Key location for trade and geopolitical influence.
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